The recent election to parliament of Burmese pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi and her party heralds a new dawn for this struggling South East Asian nation, now officially known as Myanmar. The Nobel laureate was released from fifteen years under house arrest only in November 2010. Last year saw a nominally civilian government take over from over five decades of repressive military rule. The government even invited international observers to witness the elections.

Eleven ceasefire agreements have been signed with ethnic minorities and rebels.  Key political freedoms such as the right to organize, assemble, speak out and run for political office are being exercised in a way that was unthinkable just a year ago. Myanmar’s political opening is moving in parallel with efforts to re-write investment laws and unify multiple exchange rates that impede trade.

The US has restored diplomatic relations with Myanmar and sanctions are being lifted by the US, the EU and Australia, and Japan has agreed to write off past debt. Relations with the World Bank, the IMF and the Asian Development Bank are being restored. The currency has been floated and the lifting of even more sanctions is under consideration. Myanmar’s rulers say the reforms are irreversible.

For over two decades, the United States and the European Union attempted to use the “hard-nosed” approach of broad sanctions to force Burma to reform its governance and change its behavior. These have included cessation of trade, suspension of aid, an arms embargo, refusal to negotiate, freezing of assets and imposition of travel restrictions on Burma’s leaders. As early as 1998, the Cato Institute had concluded that: “The US policy of imposing unilateral trade and investment sanctions against Burma has proven to be a failure on all fronts.  By forcing US firms to disengage from Burma, that policy has harmed American economic interests and done nothing to improve the living conditions or human rights of the people of Burma.”

On the other hand, members of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) welcomed Burma as an equal partner in the ten-nation community and patiently waited for it to make the changes the world was waiting for. Instead of using coercive diplomacy, the South East Asian grouping opted to fall back on its eastern roots. Described as the Asean Way, the members have preferred informal personal diplomacy for problem-solving and to achieve harmony and co-operation. They felt that the best way to bring together the multitude of diverse cultures and differing levels of development that exist in South East Asia was through understanding, respect, tolerance, consensus, friendship and - above all - non-intervention. These principles are actually enshrined in their founding document. After all, with each country having a unique blend of ethnicities, religions and languages, South East Asia is a sundry mix of cultures matched by few other areas on the planet.   

Though vilified as a pariah state, Burma was granted full membership to ASEAN in 1997. This was done in spite of Western pressure. Not only that, but Burma was also given fast-track admission – in just two years – while Vietnam and Cambodia had waited nearly four years and Laos, six.  This special treatment seems well planned.  It could have been to counter China’s influence in Burma, but was most likely to make Burma feel welcome into the union with the expectation that ASEAN would ultimately be rewarded in the tradition of “one good turn deserves another.” Over the years, ASEAN members continued to implement their policy of “constructive engagement” by not criticizing the Burmese government in public while continuing to trade and invest in Burma’s economy, thus providing it with a lifeline.

And last November, ASEAN went even further.  It decided to endorse the assumption of the association’s chairmanship to Myanmar in 2014 based on “encouraging signs” of reforms that they had seen. “They are on the road to greater democratization and are also being more inclusive. The ASEAN position is we should do more to encourage Myanmar down this road,” said the Prime Minister of Malaysia Najib Razak. ASEAN’s efforts had paid dividends. Indonesia’s foreign minister Dr. Marty Natalegawa points out that the decision to give Myanmar the chairmanship was not so much a reward for its reforms but an inducement to live up to international expectations. “It is not a vote of confidence,” he said, “but it’s actually what our expectation of how it will be in 2014.”

The reasons for the sudden change in Myanmar are still open to debate but what is certain is that the expectations of all the stakeholders have risen exponentially.  The Asian Development Bank figures indicate the economy has already been significantly bolstered by a 26 percent jump in tourist arrivals and a 15 percent rise in gas exports that alone are worth US $3 billion in annual revenue. The bank said it forecasts GDP growth to rise from 5.5 percent in 2011 to 6 percent in 2012, and to at least 6.3 percent the following year. These estimates may prove conservative and could rise substantially when sanctions are eased as the Burmese government continues on its path of reform. Fellow ASEAN members as well as the eagerly awaiting Western countries are expecting this to be the case. Meanwhile the population at large is certainly holding their breath for new opportunities in income, education and quality of life.

(Photo © AP)

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